Metadata for IMG4034 Table of Contents Identification_Information Abstract Purpose Supplemental Information Data_Quality_Information Spatial_Data_Organization_Information Entity_and_Attribute_Information Detailed Description Overview Distribution_Information Metadata_Reference_Section ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Identification_Information Citation_Information Originator: Publication_Date: Title: Online_Linkage: http://edc.www.cr.usgs.gov/Webglis Description Abstract The North American Landscape Characterization (NALC) project is a component of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Landsat Pathfinder Program. Pathfinder projects are focused on the investigation of global change utilizing remote sensing technologies. The NALC project is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and NASA to make Landsat data available to the widest possible user community for scientific research and general public interest. The NALC project is principally funded by the EPA Office of Research and Developments Global Warming Research Program (GWRP) and the USGSs Earth Resources Observation Systems (EROS) Data Center (EDC). Purpose These data can be used for a host of studies, and analyses. Some areas of application include crop acreage inventories, timber class identifications, soil association identification and mapping, range cover and forage production analysis, plant stress detection, regional land use classifications, photo-map generation, mineral and petroleum exploration, pollution monitoring, geological mapping and interpretation, areal snow extent assessments, shallow bathymetric measurements, sea ice movement monitoring, vegetation classification and mapping, surface mining operations monitoring, flood/forest fire monitoring, and beach erosion detection. The NALC triplicate data sets constitute a unique data base with which to investigate multidisciplinary issues related to land use/land cover issues (i.e., land cover changes), human interactions with the environment, carbon cycling dynamics, and numerous land processes studies. The consistent levels of processing of the NALC triplicates using standardized methods provide potential users with data sets that can be easily ingested using available digital image processing software. The fact that the data are coregistered saves potential users significant analyst and computer time by removing the need for intensive preprocessing prior to analysis. The extensive regional coverage of NALC Landsat MSS triplicates is a valuable baseline of information with which to perform regional environmental monitoring activities. The NALC data can serve as a valuable complement to other research initiatives which utilize Landsat thematic mapper imagery or data acquired by the future Earth Observing System. Supplemental_Information Procedures_Used The process of generating the triplicates involves a multi-stream approach. The 1980s image is precision corrected and registered to a map base using a three-step approach and is used as the cartographic base to which the 1970s and 1990s data are registered. A relational data base has been developed and maintained which contains the corner coordinates and quadrangle names for U.S. 1:24,000-scale topographic maps. The latitude and longitude coordinates of the 1980s scene to be used for a given triplicate are intersected with the map data base to identify the topographic maps which fall within that particular Landsat Worldwide Reference System-2 (WRS-2) path/row. The 1980s image is precision corrected and registered to a map base. In rare situations, multiple 1980s images are used to produce a cloud-reduced composite. The registration entails the selection of image and planimetric source control points for use in developing the model for precision correction. Control point sources used include 1:100,000-scale USGS digital line graph (DLG) data and 1:24,000-scale USGS topographic maps. The DLGs are components of the National Digital Cartographic Data Base (NDCDB), and they are comprised of the various thematic layers (e.g., transportation, hydrography, hypsography, political boundaries) depicted on the 1:100,000-scale topographic map series (USGS, 1989). The DLG data are the primar and DLG (latitude, longitude) coordinates for a specific point along the feature are extracted and compiled in a control point file. Approximately 30 to 35 points are extracted. The next step in triplicate generation involves mosaicking the digital elevation model (DEM) data and transforming the datas original geographic projection to a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection. The DEM data used in the NALC project are derived from Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) Level 1 Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) (USGS, 1987), which were digitized from the standard National Topographic Map Series 1:250,000-scale maps. These maps provide complete United States coverage. The DEM data, often referred to as the 3-arc-second DTED data, are available as gridded files corresponding to 1-degree-latitude by 1-degree-longitude blocks. These blocks are mosaicked by path/row, then projected and resampled to 60- by 60-meter pixels in a UTM projection. Elevation values for the ground control points are retrieved from the DEM data. The ground control points containing X, Y, and elevation values are corrected for relief displacement. The relief-corrected control points are then used to compute the coefficients for a second order polynomial model that is used to geometrically correct and reproject the 1980s MSS image to a UTM ground control coordinate system. Using cubic convolution, the image is rectified and resampled to a UTM-projected output image comprised of 60- by 60-meter pixels. As of July 28, 1994, a full terrain correction is also applied to the 1980s image by correcting for the effects of relief displacement on a pixel-by-pixel basis using the previously created DEM image. The following systematic radiometric and geometric corrections are applied to 1970s MSS CCT-X data to generate the EROS Digital Image Processing Systems EDIPS-P product. The CCT-X formatted data are preprocessed to correct for line length adjustments, variable detector response, band registration, nonlinear mirror-scan velocity, Earth rotational skew, and detector-to-detector offsets. The images are destriped to compensate for variations in the radiometric response of the individual detectors prior to geometric registration, because the noise is scan-line dependent. Using the satellite ephemeris data and platform navigation model, an interim systematic correction is then applied to generate a UTM-projected output image with a north-up orientation. Revisions Reviews_Applied_to_Data The verification of image-to-image registration quality is performed using cross-correlation procedures. The target RMSE for this registration is less than Related_Spatial_and_Tabular_Data_Sets References_Cited Bernstein, Ralph, 1983, Image geometry and rectification, in Colwell, R.N., ed., Manual of Remote Sensing: Falls Church, Va., American Society of Photogrammetry, p. 881-884. Eidenshink, J.C., 1992, The 1990 conterminous U.S. AVHRR data set: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 58, no. 6, p. 809-813. Holben, B.N., 1986, Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 7, no. 11, p. 1475-1497. Justice, C.O., Townsend, J.R., Holben, B.N., and Tucker, C.J., 1985, Analysis of the phenology of global vegetation using meteorological satellite data: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 6, no. 8, p. 1271-1318. Lunetta, R.S., and Sturdevant, J.A., 1993, The North American Landscape Characterization Landsat Pathfinder Project, in Pettinger, L.R., ed., Pecora 12 Symposium, Land Information from Space-Based Systems, Proceedings: American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Md., p. 363-371. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1976, Data users handbook: [Greenbelt, Md.], National Aeronautics and Space Administration [variously paged]. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1981, Draft Landsat-D worldwide reference system (WRS) users guide: [Greenbelt, Md.], National Aeronautics and Space Administration [variously paged]. Scambos, T.A., Dutkiewicz, M.J., Wilson, J.C., and Bindschadler, R.A., 1992, Application of image cross-correlation to the measurement of glacier velocity using satellite image data: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 42, no. 3, p. 177-186. U.S. Geological Survey, 1979, Landsat data users handbook (rev. ed.): [Arlington, Va.], U.S. Geological Survey [variously paged]. U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Digital elevation models, US GeoData Users: Reston, Va., U.S. Geological Survey, 38 p. U.S. Geological Survey, 1989, Digital line graphs from 1:100,000-scale maps, US GeoData Users Guide 2: Reston, Va., U.S. Geological Survey, 88 p. U.S. Geological Survey and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1984, Landsat 4 data users handbook: [Washington, D.C.], U.S. Geological Survey and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [variously paged]. Notes Time_Period_of_Content Currentness_Reference Status Progress: Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency Spatial_Domain Bounding_Coordinates West_Bounding_Coordinate: -111.25422372 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -108.65340256 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.44410174 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 36.49398894 Keywords Theme Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Theme_Keyword: Landsat, Multi-spectral scanner, MSS, NALC Place Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Place_Keyword: Mojave Desert Ecoregion Stratum Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Stratum_Keyword: Temporal Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: None Temporal_Keyword: Access_Constraints Use_Constraints Temporal Coverage The NALC project includes MSS data acquired in the years 1973, 1986, and 1991 plus or minus one year. The specific temporal windows vary for geographic regions based on the seasonal (phenological) characteristics of the vegetation cover. Spectral Range The multispectral scanner (MSS) sensors were line-scanning devices observing the Earth perpendicular to the orbital track. The cross-track scanning was accomplished by an oscillating mirror; six lines were scanned simultaneously in each of the four spectral bands for each mirror sweep. The forward motion of the satellite provided the along-track scan-line progression. All five Landsats have carried the MSS sensor which responds to Earth-reflected sunlight in four spectral bands. Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Landsats Landsats 1 - 3 4 and 5 Band Band Micrometers 4 1 .5 - .6 5 2 .6 - .7 6 3 .7 - .8 7 4 .8 - 1.1 Data_Set_Credit The NALC project is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Environmental Protecti Security_Information Security_Classification_System: None Security_Classification: UNCLASSIFIED Security_Handling_Description: None Native_Data_Set_Environment: SunOS UNIX, ARC/INFO version 7.1.1 Cross_Reference Originator: Bernstein, Ralph Publication_Date: 1983 Publication_Time: Title: Image geometry and rectification Edition: Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Series_Information Series_Name: Issue_Identification: Publication_Information Publication_Place: Church Falls, VA Publisher: Other_Citation_Details: Online_Linkage: Larger_Work_Citation: Cross_Reference Originator: Eidenshink, J. C. Publication_Date: 1992 Publication_Time: Title: The 1990 conterminus U.S. AVHRR data set Edition: 58 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Series_Information Series_Name: Issue_Identification: 6 Publication_Information Publication_Place: Publisher: Photogram. Engineering & R. S. Other_Citation_Details: Online_Linkage: Larger_Work_Citation: Cross_Reference Originator: Holben, B.N. Publication_Date: 1986 Publication_Time: Title: Charateristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data. Edition: 7 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Series_Information Series_Name: Issue_Identification: 11 Publication_Information Publication_Place: Publisher: Intl. Journal of R.S. Other_Citation_Details: Online_Linkage: Larger_Work_Citation: Cross_Reference Originator: Justice, C.O., Townsend, J.R., Holben, B.N., and Tucker, C.J. Publication_Date: 1985 Publication_Time: Title: Analsis if the phenology of global vegetation using meteoroological sat. data Edition: 6 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Series_Information Series_Name: Issue_Identification: 8 Publication_Information Publication_Place: Publisher: Intl. Journal of R.S Other_Citation_Details: Online_Linkage: Larger_Work_Citation: Cross_Reference Originator: Lunetta, R.S., and Sturdevant, J.A. Publication_Date: 1993 Publication_Time: Title: The NALC Landsat Pathfinder Project Edition: Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Series_Information Series_Name: Proceeding Issue_Identification: Publication_Information Publication_Place: Bethesda, MD Publisher: ASPRS Other_Citation_Details: Online_Linkage: Larger_Work_Citation: Cross_Reference Originator: Scambos, T.A., Dutkiewicz, M.J., Wilson, J.C. and Bindschadler, R.A. Publication_Date: 1992 Publication_Time: Title: Application of image cross-correlation to the measurement of glacier velocity... Edition: 42 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Series_Information Series_Name: Issue_Identification: 3 Publication_Information Publication_Place: Publisher: R.S. of Environment Other_Citation_Details: Online_Linkage: Larger_Work_Citation: Cross_Reference Originator: U.S. Geological Survey and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Publication_Date: 1984 Publication_Time: Title: Landsat 4 data users handbook Edition: Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Series_Information Series_Name: Issue_Identification: Publication_Information Publication_Place: Washington, D.C. Publisher: USGS and NOAA Other_Citation_Details: Online_Linkage: Larger_Work_Citation: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Data_Quality_Information Attribute_Accuracy Attribute_Accuracy_Report: See Entity_Attribute_Information Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment Attribute_Accuracy_Value: See Explanation Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation: Attribute accuracy is described, where present, with each attribute defined in the Entity and Attribute Section. Logical_Consistency_Report: Completeness_Report Positional_Accuracy Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: These data are verified to have RMS error for geometric registration of less tha Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 60 meters Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: Resolution as reported Vertical_Positional_Accuracy Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Lineage: See Supplemental_Information for overview. Process_Steps Cloud_Cover Prior to March 20, 1995, cloud-reduced compositing was performed after all the image data were coregistered. This step was performed only in cases where 1990s scenes with 30 percent or less cloud cover were not available. To minimize the amount of cloud cover in the 1980s or 1990s triplicate component, EDC has adapted AVHRR cloud compositing procedures for use in NALC triplicate generation (Eidenshink, 1992; Holben, 1986). The compositing process operates on image pairs and is based on the NDVI: (band 4 - band 2)/(band 4 + band 2) This index is sensitive to variations in surface characteristics, such as biomass, and to clouds (Justice et al., 1985). The NDVI is computed for each of the images to be used for compositing purposes. The maximum NDVI value determines which input image pixel brightness values will be used to constitute the output image. This maximum NDVI decision rule is computationally efficient and yields consistent results. A 1980s and/or 1990s triplicate component which has been composited will have a maximum NDVI image and a pixel identity image. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spatial_Data_Organization_Information Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Spatial_Reference_Information Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition Planar Grid_Coordinate_System Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal_Transverse_Mercator (UTM) Zone_Number: 12 Planar_Distance_Units: METERS Geodetic Model Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: GRS1980 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Entity_and_Attribute_Information Detailed_Description Overview_Description Entity_and_Attribute_Overview Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Not Available ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Distribution_Information ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Metadata_Reference_Section Metadata_Date: 19980617 Metadata_Contact: Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: 19940608 Metadata_Time_Convention: Local Time Metadata_Security_Information: Metadata_Security_Classification_System: None Metadata_Security_Classification: UNCLASSIFIED Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: None ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Last modified: 98-06-17.14:42:10.Wed